Wi-Vun T. Chiung(½±¬°¤å)
The University of Texas at Arlington
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Wi-Vun T. Chiung(½±¬°¤å)
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¡uº~¦r¡ve¯S¦â¬O¡u¤@¦r¤@µ¸`¡v¡B¨C¤@¦rlong¨ã³Æ¡u§Î¡Bµ¡B¸q¡v¡C¡uº~»y¡vti»y¨¥¾Çlaite e¤ÀÃþ¬OÄÝ¡u©t¥ß»y¡v(isolating language)¡CBe-chio¤H»{¬°¦]¬°º~»y¦³©t¥ß»ye¯S½è, chiahµo®i¥Xº~¦r¡C¬Æ¦Ü¶i¤@¨B»{¬°kanta~º~¦rchiah¦³ªk«×ªí¹Fº~»y¡CChit-khoan e½×½Õtiº~¦r¤å¤Æ°élaite¤w¸g¦s¦b¯u¤[a, ma¯u²`¼vÅTtioh¦³¤ß¬ã¨s¥x»ye¥xÆW¤H¡C¨ì©³¬O¦]¬°¥jº~»y¥ý¦³©t¥ß»ye¯S½èchiah²£¥Íº~¦r, °Ú¬O¥jº~»yti¾ú¥vµo®i¤¤¦]¬°¨üº~¦re§ô¸jchiah§Î¦¨ªñ¥Nº~»ye©t¥ß»ye¯S½è¡H
Ui³s¾îe¡m¥xÆW»y¨å¡n¶}©l, ¯uche¥x»y»y·½e¬ã¨sªÌlong¬Û«H¥x»y¬O¡u¦³µ´N¦³¦r¡v, ´N«÷©Rui¥j¥Ulaite chau-chhoe¡u¥»¦r¡v¡Cµ²ªG, ¤@Ó¦r ¸g¹Lbo-kang¤He¦ÒÃÒ¬ã¨s´N¦³kui-aºØbo-kang e¼gªk¡C¤U±Á|¨Òkui¦ì¬ã¨sªÌ¦ÒÃÒ¥X¨Óe¥Î¦r¡C
¹Ïªí 1
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¡B¡B¡B | ¡@ | ¡@ | ¡@ | ¡@ | ¡@ | ¡@ |
®Ú¾Ú¡m¥x»y¤åºK¡n¡m¥xÆWº~»yÃã¨å¡n¡m¥xÆW»y¨å¡n¡m¥xÆW¸Ü¤jµü¨å¡n¡m°ê¥xÂù»yµü¨å¡n
´N¾ú¥v»y¨¥¾Ç¨ÓÁ¿, ¦ÒÃÒ¡u¥»¦r¡v¬O¦³¥i¯àe¡CMko, ¬O¤ð¬O¨C¤@Ó¥x»ye¡uµ¡vlong¦³¡u¥»¦r¡vetang¥G«¥¦ÒÃÒ, ³o´N¦³¯u¤je°ÝÃD¡CIn chia¬ã¨sªÌti¦ÒÃÒ¥»¦rªº¹Lµ{¦³¤@Ó¦@¦Pe¯S¦â, ´N¬OµL¡u½Æµµü¡v(polysyllabic word) eÆ[©À, long±N¥x»yµüªºµ¸`(syllable)©î¶}, soa--lai ui¥j¥Ulaite chhoe¤@¹èin»{¬°µÃý¡B·N«älong¦³¾A°te¦r¥X¨Ó, Á¿³o´N¬Ohit-eµ¸`e¥»¦r¡CChit-khoan e¦ÒÃÒ¹Lµ{¦³¥ì®Ú¥»¤We¼ç¦b¦M¾÷ti leh¡C¤]´N¬OÁ¿, ¬ã¨sªÌti¦ÒÃÒchincheng¤w¸g¹w³]¡u¤@Óµ¸`¦³¤@Ó¦r¡v¡B¨C¤@¦r¨ã³Æ¡u§Î¡Bµ¡B¸q¡v, soa--lai chiah®Ú¾Úchit-eì«h¥hchhoe¥»¦r¡C¥x»y, ©ÎªÌ©Ò¦³e©Ò¿×eº~»y¨te»y¨¥kam¯u¥¿tak-e¡uµ¸`¡vlong¦³¡u¦r¡v¡H°Ú¬OÁ¿, ¨ä¹êchia-e¬ã¨sªÌ¬O¨ütiohº~¦re¡u¤@¦r¤@µ¸`¡ve¯S¦âe¼vÅT, chiah hoanÀY ¨Ó »{¬°º~»y¬O¡u¤@µ¸`¤@¦r¡v¡H
Na-chunº~¦r¨Ï¥ÎªÌtiªø´Á¨Ï¥Îº~¦re¼vÅT¤§¤U, ¼ç·NÃÑlaite·|hoanÀY ¨Ó »{¬°º~»y¬O¡u¤@µ¸`¤@¦r¡vªº°²³]¬O¥¿½Te, ¨ä¥LµL¨ü¡uº~¦r±Ð¨|¡ve¤H¬O¤ð¬OÀ³¸ÓkhahµL±N »yµü(word) ©î°µ¤@Ó¤@Ó³æ¿Weµ¸`e¶É¦V¡H¤]´N¬OÁ¿, ¡ubatº~¦r-e¡v ham ¡um-batº~¦r-e¡v¹ï¨C¤@Ó»yµüeµ¸` ¬O¤ð¬O·|¦³bo-kang e»{ª¾¡HY¬O, ¥ì³y¦¨eì¦]kap¶i¤@¨B³y¦¨e¼vÅT¬OÔ£¡H
¥»¤H¨Æ¥ý³]p¤@¥÷µû¦ôªí, chit¥÷ µû¦ôªí ¥]§t¤T¤jÃþ«¬e¥x»yµü: (1) ½T©w¬O¦X¦¨µü(compound word) (2) ½T©w¬O½Æµµü(polysyllabic word) (3) µL½T©w¬O½Æµµü°Ú¬O¦X¦¨µü¡CSoa--lai®Ú¾Úchit¥÷µû¦ôªí¨Ó³X°Ýbo-kang¤å¦r©ÎªÌ»y¨¥I´ºe¤H, ¬Ýin¹ï¨C¤@Ó¥x»yµüeµ¸`e»{ª¾e¤ÏÀ³¡C
µû¦ô¹ï¶H Tngkhi/Back
¤j¦h¼Æe¥xÆW¤Hlong¨ü¹Lº~¦r±Ð¨|, ³o¬O³X°Ýe²Ä¤@ºØ¹ï¶H¡CTi¦´Á ¶Ç±Ð¤h ¶Ç±Ðe®É, ¬°µÛ¥Gm-batº~¦re«H®{etangŪ¸t¸g, ´N·|±Ð«H®{Ū¼gPeh-oe-ji(¥Õ¸Ü¦r; ù°¨¦r¤Æe¥x»y¦r)¡C²{¦¹®Éiau¦³be-chio¦Ñ¤@½úe ¡u¥xÆW°ò·þªø¦Ñ±Ð·|¡ve±Ð®{m-batº~¦r, kanta~·|¾åPeh-oe-ji¡C³o¬O³X°Ýe²Ä¤GºØ¹ï¶H¡C¥t¥~, ¤Ö³¡¥÷m-batº~¦rma m-bat Peh-oe-ji e¤H, tu-ho etang ham³»±¤GºØ¹ï¶H°µ¤ñ¸û, ¬O³X°Ýe²Ä¤TºØ¹ï¶H¡C
µû¦ôªí Tngkhi/Back
µû¦ôªílongÁ`¦³72Ó¥x»yµü, ¨C¤@Ó»yµülong¤W¤Ö¦³2Óµ¸`¡C¥]§t:
¨C¤@Ó»yµülong¦³¤@Ó¡u°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¡v(KPTS)¡C²Ä¤@Ãþe¡u¦X¦¨µü¡ve°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¬O10¡C²Ä¤GÃþ µL½T©w ¬O¤ð¬O¦³³æµ¸`µü¯Àe¡u½Æµµü¡v, «ö·Ó¥i¯à¦³³æµ¸`µü¯Àeµ{«×, ¤À§@7.5, 5, 2.5, kap 0¥|ºØ°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¡C²Ä¤TÃþ ½T©w µL³æµ¸`µü¯Àe¡u½Æµµü¡ve°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¬O0¡C
µû¦ô¤èªk Tngkhi/Back
±Ä³XªÌ ·|n¨D¨C¤@Ó ¨ü³X¤H °w¹ï µû¦ôªí ³»±¨C¤@Ó¥x»yµü¦^µª¤U±e°ÝÃD:
Soa--lai±Ä³XªÌ ·|®Ú¾Ú¤U±e§PÂ_¼Ð·Ç, °w¹ï¨ü³X¤He¦^µª¤º®e, ¨M©w¨ü³X¤He¨C¤@Ó»yµüe¡u¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ¡v(HETS)¡C
0 ÂI §¹¥þm-chai©ÎªÌ»{¬°µL ³æµ¸`µü¯À e·N«äkap¥Î¦r¡C
2.5ÂI µL½T©w ³æµ¸`µü¯À e·N«ä¡Bm-chai¥Î¦r¡C
5.0ÂI ¤j·§Chaiia~ ³æµ¸`µü¯À e·N«ä¡Bm-chai¥Î¦r¡C
7.5ÂI ¤j·§Chaiia~ ³æµ¸`µü¯À e·N«äkap¥Î¦r¡C
10 ÂI ½T©w ³æµ¸`µü¯À e·N«äkap¥Î¦r¡C
Anne°µe¥Øªº¬Obeh±N¡u¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ¡v´£¨Óham¡u°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¡v°µ¤ñ¸û¡C³z¹L ¤ñ¸û, etang ¾é¸Ñ¨ü³X¤H¹ï¨C¤@Ó»yµüe ¡uµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦V¡v¡C¤ñ¦pÁ¿,¡uchhit-tho¡ve¡u°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¡v¬O"2.5"¡C°²¨Ï ¨ü³X¤HA»{¬°"chhit" kap "tho"µLÔ£ª«·N«äma m-chai¥Î¦r, anne A e¡u¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ¡v´N¬O"0"¡CNa-chun¨ü³X¤HB»{¬°"chhit" kap "tho" ´N¬O "ÁÎ" kap "¶Y" e·N«äkap¥Î¦r, anne B e¡u¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ¡v´N¬O"10"¡CUi¡u¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ¡vham¡u°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¡ve¤ñ¸û, «¥´Nesai¤j·§¬Ý¥X¨ü³X¤HA ham B ti "chhit-tho" chit-e»yµütengthau e ¡uµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦V¡v¤À§O¬O"-2.5"(0-2.5) kap "+7.5"(10-2.5)¡C "-2.5" kap "+7.5" ¦³Ô£ª«·N¸qleh¡H"-" ªí¥Ü¨ü³X¤HA¶É¦V»{¬°hit-e»yµü µL³æµ¸`µü¯À©ÎªÌ¥Î¦r, ¦Ó¥Bµ{«×¬O "2.5"¡C"+" ªí¥Ü¨ü³X¤HB¶É¦V»{¬° ¦³³æµ¸`µü¯À©ÎªÌ¥Î¦r, ¦Ó¥Bµ{«×¬O "7.5"¡C
«¥Yka©Ò¦³e¦³®Äe¡uµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦V¡ve¼ÆÈ ¥[¥[°_¨Ó, chiah koh¥Î¦³®Äe»yµü¼Æ¥Ø¨Ó°£, ´Nesai±otioh¨ü³X¤H¥§¡chhe e¡uµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦V¡ve«ü¼Æ¡CChit-eºâªkesai¥H¤U±e¤½¦¡ªí¥Ü¡C
IGKC = (ƒÃ (HETS¡XKPTS))„i (GSSB)
IGKC: µ¸`gin-bat¶É¦Ve«ü¼Æ
HETS: ¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ
KPTS: °ò¥»ÂI¼Æ
GSSB: ¦³®Äe»yµü¼Æ¥Ø
«¥´£¨ü³X¤H ¤ë¤k¤h °µ¨Ò¨Ó»¡©ú³»±epºâ¤èªk(°Ñ¦Òªþ¥ó¤G)¡Cµû¦ôªílongÁ`¦³72Ó¥x»yµü°ÝÃD, ¦©±¼ "µL°Ýtioh(23Ó)" kap "¨ü³X¤Hm-bat(1Ó)" e»yµü, ¤ë¤k¤he¦³®Ä¡u»yµü¼Æ¥Ø¡v(GSSB)¬O48Ó¡CChit 48Ó ¦³®Ä»yµüe¡u¤ÏÀ³ÂI¼Æ¡v´î¡u°ò¥»ÂI¼Æ¡v(HETS-KPTS) eÁ`ÃB¬O "-57.5," ©Ò¥H¤ë¤k¤he¡uµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦V¡ve«ü¼Æ¬O "-1.198"¡C
IGKC = (ƒÃ (HETS¡XKPTS))„i (GSSB) = (-57.5) „i 48 = -1.198
µ¸`gin-bat¶É¦Ve«ü¼Æ Tngkhi/Back
«ö·Ó³»±eµû¦ôkappºâ¤èªk, «¥esai±otioh¨C¤@Ó¨ü³X¤Heµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦Ve«ü¼Æ(IGKC)¡CSoa--lai·ÓIGKC e¼ÆȱƸ¨¨Ó, ´Netang¾ã²z¥X¤U±chit±i¡uµ¸`gin-bat¶É¦Ve«ü¼Æªí¡v¡C
H: Hanji E: English J: Japanese
P: Pehoeji N: Non-literate B: Blind
no. | »y¨¥ |
¨ü³X¤H |
Sex | Age |
IGKC |
1 |
HE | ½²x·× | M | 48 |
+1.920 |
2 |
HEB | ¤×x©[ | M | 42 |
+1.202 |
3 |
HE | ¿cxµØ | F | 50 |
+1.169 |
4 |
HE | ¸âx¥Í | M | 52 |
+1.119 |
5 |
HE | ½²x½÷ | M | 54 |
+0.699 |
6 |
HE | ¸x®Û | F | 50 |
+0.530 |
7 |
HJEP | ³sx©v | M | 72 |
+0.313 |
8 |
HE | ¼Bx½å | F | 46 |
+0.238 |
9 |
JHE | ¿úx·¶ | F | 22 |
-1.016 |
10 |
PJ | ¤ëx¤k | F | 72 |
-1.198 |
11 |
P | §õxÄõ | F | 76 |
-1.930 |
12 |
P | ªLx | F | 83 |
-2.200 |
13 |
N | ®]xë | F | 73 |
-2.577 |
14 |
E | Carolyn | F | 23 |
-3.043 |
15 |
E | Alice | F | 18 |
-3.152 |
16 |
E | Danny | M | 16 |
-3.421 |
17 |
P | ÂÅx | F | 95 |
-5.313 |
¹Ïªí 2
³»±e³X°Ý¹ï¶H¤À§OÄÝti ¨ü¡uº~¦r±Ð¨|¡v¡B¡u¥Õ¸Ü¦r±Ð¨|¡v¡Bkap¡uµL¨ü º~¦rham¥Õ¸Ü¦r±Ð¨|¡v¤T¤jÃþ«¬, chit¤T¤jÃþ«¬koh esai«ö·Óbo-kang e»y¨¥¤å¦rI´ºeµ{«× ²Ó¤À°µkuiºØ¤ÀÃþ¡CTi»y¨¥Äælaite¨ü³X¤Hehiau e»y¨¥¤å¦r¬O«ö·Óin¼ô¤âeµ{«×±Æ¦C¡C¤U±¬Ochit¥÷¬ã¨s ©Ò³X°Ýtioh e©Ò¦³¹ï¶He»y¨¥I´ºe²³æ²Ð¤¶¡C
²Ä¤@, º~¦r±Ð¨|¡Cº~¦r¬OchitÃþe¨ü³X¤H ¤W¼ô¤âe®Ñ±»y¡C
? ?? 1. HE: ¨ü¹L§¹¾ãe¤¤¤åeº~¦r±Ð¨|(¤p¾Ç¨ì¤j¾Ç)¥[¤W^¤åe¥~°ê»y ±Ð¨|(°ê¤¤¨ì¤j¾Ç)¡C
? ? ?2. HEB: ¨ü¹L§¹¾ãe¤¤¤åeº~¦r±Ð¨|(¤p¾Ç¨ì¤j¾Ç)¥[¤W^¤åe¥~°ê»y ±Ð¨|(°ê¤¤¨ì¤j¾Ç)¡C¦ý¬O¦Û¥X¥@ ´N ¥Ø©P µL¬Ý¡C
? ?? 3. HJEP: ¥ý¨ü¹L¤é¤å±Ð¨|(¨ì18·³)kap^¤åe¥~°ê»y ±Ð¨|, «á¨Óchiah¾Ç¤¤¤å¡CÁöµM¥dºC¾Ç¤¤¤å, mkoº~¦r°ò¦¯u¦n, ¥Ø«e¾·~¬O¡u¥N®Ñ¡v¡C¬Oªø¦Ñ±Ð·|eªø¦Ñ¡C
²Ä¤G, ¥Õ¸Ü¦r±Ð¨|¡CM-bat¨ü¹L¯Âº~¦r±Ð¨|, kanta~ ti±Ð·|¾Ç¹L¥Õ¸Ü¦r¡BŪ¥Õ¸Ü¦r¸t¸g¡C¥Õ¸Ü¦r¬OchitÃþe¨ü³X¤H ¤W¼ô¤âe®Ñ±»y¡C
? ?? 4. P:?? §¹¥þm-bat¨ä¥Le»y¨¥kap¤å¦r¡CKanta~ ehiauÁ¿¥x»ykapŪ¥Õ¸Ü¦r¸t¸g¡C
? ?? 5. PJ: ¦P®É¨ü¥Õ¸Ü¦rkap¤é¤å±Ð¨|(¤½¾Ç®Õ5¥V¥b)¡C¥Õ¸Ü¦r¥d¼ô¤â, ¥Ø«eiau¦³Ä~ÄòŪ¥Õ¸Ü¦r¸t¸g¡C
²Ä¤T, µL¨üº~¦rkap¥Õ¸Ü¦r±Ð¨|¡C
? ?? 6. N: §¹¥þm-bat¥ô¦óe®Ñ±®Ñ¼g¨t²Î, kanta~ ehiauÁ¿¥x»y¡C
? ?? 7. E: Ti¬ü°ê¥X¥@e¥x¬ü¤H¡C^»y¡B^¤å¬O¤W¼ô¤âe»y¨¥¡B¤å¦r¡CEhiauÁ¿¥x»y, mko behiau¼g¥x»y¤å¡C
? ?? 8. JHE: Ti¤é¥»¥X¥@e¥x¤é¤H¡C¤é»y¡B¤é¤å¬O¤W¼ô¤âe»y¨¥¡B¤å¦r¡CBat ti¥xÆW¨ü¹L¤¤¤å±Ð¨|(°ê¤p2-6¦~)¡CEhiauÁ¿¥x»y, mko behiau¼g¥x»y¤å¡C
«¥Y«ö·Ó¨C¤@Ó¨ü³X¤H ¤W¼ô¤âe»y¨¥¤å¦r¨Ó¤ÀÃþ, «¥esaiµo²{kangkhoan¼ô¤âe»y¨¥¤å¦re¤He IGKC¤À¥¬tu-ho¶°¤¤§@¥ë¡C«¥¤À§Oºâ¥X¨C¤@Ãþe IGKC¥§¡È, esai±otioh¤U±chit±iªí¡C(no.17 ÂŤk¤h ¨ü³X°Ýe®É ºë¯«ª¬ºA¤ð¬Okai²M·¡, ¼vÅTtioh³X°Ýe«~½è, ©Ò¥HµL¦C¤J¤U±e¸ê®Æ°µ¤ñ¸û)
H: Hanji E: English J: Japanese
P: Pehoeji N: Non-literate B: Blind
no. |
»y¨¥ |
¨ü³X¤H |
IGKC |
¥§¡È |
1 |
HE | ½²x·× | +1.920 | ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ +0.899 |
2 |
HEB | ¤×x©[ | +1.202 | |
3 |
HE | ¿cxµØ | +1.169 | |
4 |
HE | ¸âx¥Í | +1.119 | |
5 |
HE | ½²x½÷ | +0.699 | |
6 |
HE | ¸x®Û | +0.530 | |
7 |
HJEP | ³sx©v | +0.313 | |
8 |
HE | ¼Bx½å | +0.238 | |
9 |
JHE | ¿úx·¶ | -1.016 | -1.016 |
10 |
PJ | ¤ëx¤k | -1.198 | -1.776 |
11 |
P | §õxÄõ | -1.930 | |
12 |
P | ªLx | -2.200 | |
13 |
N | ®]xë | -2.577 | -2.577 |
14 |
E | Carolyn | -3.043 | -3.205 |
15 |
E | Alice | -3.152 | |
16 |
E | Danny | -3.421 |
¹Ïªí 3
Ui chit±iªílaite esaiµo²{¥un º~¦r(H)¬O¤W¼ô¤âe»y¨¥, IGKC¼ÆÈlong¬O"+," ¨ä¥Le¼ÆÈlong¬O"-"¡C«¥Y°w¹ïbatº~¦r(º~¦r¬O¤W¼ô¤â, no.1-8)ham m-batº~¦r(º~¦r ¤ð¬O ¤W¼ô¤â, no. 9-16)°µ²Îpe T-ÀË©w, esai±otioh p=4.52E-08¡C¤]´N¬OÁ¿, batº~¦r-e ham m-batº~¦r-e e«ü¼Æ¤À¥¬ §e²{2ºØbo-kang eÁÍ¶Õ ¤ð¬Otu-ho e, ¬O¦³ì¦]e¡CUi chit-e²{¶H«¥esaiªì¨B°²³]batº~¦re¤H·|¶É¦V»{¬°¨C¤@Ó»yµü ¦³³æµ¸`µü¯À©ÎªÌ¥Î¦r¡CSoa--lai«¥¤À§O´N¨ü³X¤He¡u©Ò¦bI´º¡vkap¡u®Ñ±»yI´º¡v¨Ó¶i¤@¨B¤ÀªR:
²Ä¤@, ©Ò¦bI´º¡C¨üº~¦r±Ð¨|(HE)ham kanta~¨ü^¤å±Ð¨|(E) e¤H, ÁöµMIGKC¦³¯u¤je®t§O, ³oiauµLªk«×ÃÒ©ú¬O¦]¬°¡uº~¦r¡veÃö«Y¡C³o¦³¥i¯à¥u¬Oti¥xÆW¤jº~ham ti¬ü°ê¤jº~, µLkang©Ò¦bI´º©Ò³y¦¨e¡CMko, «¥Y´Npe~pe~ ti¥xÆW¤jº~e¤H¨Ó¤ñ¸û, batº~¦r-e (+0.899) iau¬O¤ñ¨ä¥Lbat¥Õ¸Ü¦r(-1.776)©ÎªÌm-bat¦r-e(-2.577) koan¯uche¡CChit-e²{¶H´N¤ñ¸û¥detangÃÒ©ú¡uº~¦r¡v¥i¯à¬O¼vÅTe¦]¯À¡C¦Ó¥B´Nno.9¨ü³X¤He¨Ò¨Ó¬Ý, ¨ü³X¤H¥»¨ma¤ð¬Oti¥xÆW¤jº~e, IGKCÀ³¸Ó±µªñ¨ä¥L®ü¥~¤jº~e¥xÆW¤He¼ÆÈchiah tioh, mko¨Æ¹ê¤W ¥ìe¼ÆȬOÊti¥xÆW¤jº~ham¬ü°ê¤jº~e¤¤¶¡, ¬Æ¦Ü¬O¯u±µªñti¥xÆW¨üº~¦r±Ð¨|e¤He¼ÆÈ¡CChit-e²{¶H¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°¥ìbat ti¥xÆWŪ¹Lkui¦~e¤¤¤å±Ð¨|, ui chit-e²{¶Hma esai¶¡±µÃÒ©ú¡uº~¦r¡v¥i¯à¬O¼vÅTIGKC e¦]¯À¡C
²Ä¤G, ®Ñ±»yI´º¡C¡uBatº~¦r-e¡vham ¡um-bat¦r-e¡v(N) ÁöµM ©Ò¦bI´ºlong pe~pe~ ¬O¥xÆW, ¦Ó¥Bin-e IGKC¦³¯u¤je®t§O, ³oiauµLªk«× ¦³¤OÃÒ©ú¬O¦]¬°¡uº~¦r¡veÃö«Y¡C³o¦³¥i¯à¥u¬O ¨ü¹L®Ñ¼g±Ð¨|kapµL¨ü¹L®Ñ¼g±Ð¨|e®t§O¡C¦ý¬O«¥Y´N¤À§O¨ü¡uº~¦r¡vkap¡u¥Õ¸Ü¦r¡v®Ñ¼g±Ð¨|e¤H¨Ó¤ñ¸û, ¡ubatº~¦r-e¡v(+0.899) iau¬O¤ñ¡ubat¥Õ¸Ü¦r-e¡v(-1.776) koan¯uche¡C´Nchit¤@ÂI¨Ó¬Ý, ´Nke¯u¦³¤OetangÃÒ©ú¡uº~¦r¡v¥i¯à¬O¼vÅTIGKC e¦]¯À¡C
Ui³»± ¦U¤è±e¤ÀªRlong¤@ª½Åã¥Ü¡uº~¦r¡v¬O³y¦¨¨ü³X¤H¨ã³Ækoan e IGKC¼ÆÈe«n¦]¯À¡CTi chia«¥etang±otiohªì¨Beµ²½×: ¨ü¡uº~¦r±Ð¨|¡ve¤H·|¶É¦V»{¬°¨C¤@Ó»yµü ¦³³æµ¸`µü¯À©ÎªÌ¥Î¦r¡C
¡uµ¸` º~¦r¤Æ¡ve²{¶Hkapì¦] Tngkhi/Back
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14th-11th B.C. | ¥Ò°©¤å¦r | ¦r¼Æ | 276 | 20 | 396 | 129 | 334 | 0 | 70 | 1225 |
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¦Ê¤À¤ñ | 2.50±j | 0.44±j | 3.05±j | 2.47®z | 90.00®z | 1.53±j | 0 | 100 |
¹Ïªí 6
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20th A.D. | ¥Õ¸Ü¤å | ³æµ¸`µü¯À(monosyllabic morpheme) | ³æµ¸` |
¹Ïªí 7
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µ¸`º~¦r¤Æe²{¶HesaiÁ¿¬O¡uº~¦r ¾÷¾¹¡v¹B§@¤§¤U ©Ò³y¦¨e¡CÔ£ª«¸¹°µ¡uº~¦r ¾÷¾¹¡vleh? ¡uº~¦r ¾÷¾¹¡v¬O«ü±Nº~¦re¡u¤@¦r¤@µ¸`¡v¡B¡u¨C¦r¨ã³Æ §Î¡Bµ¡B¸q¡ve¯S¦â ®Mtoa·s³y¡B즳»yµü ³»ÀY, ¥Gin¨ã³Æ¡u¤@µ¸`¤@º~¦r¡v¡B¡u¨C¦r¨ã³Æ §Î¡Bµ¡B¸q¡ve¹B§@¼Ò¦¡¡Cº~¦r¦a°Ïe»y¨¥ ¦]¬°¨ütioh¡uº~¦r ¾÷¾¹¡ve peng-µ±, chiah³y¦¨¡u©t¥ß»y¡v(isolating language) e¯S½è¡CChit-eì²z ´N¿Ë¹³ µ± ¾M¸z(ianchhian) kangkhoan, ¾M¸zÁöµM¬O¤@ºI¤@ºI(chat), «¥kam·|Á¿ ½Þ¦×¥»¨Ó´N¤@ºI¤@ºI¡H¤U±«¥´NÁ|¹è ¦]¬°¨Ï¥Îº~¦rsoahµLªk«× ¥YÅãkap¶i¤@¨Bµo®i»y¨¥¯S½èe¨Ò¡C
¥Îº~¦r¨Ó°O¿ý ¥x»ylaite³æ¼Æham½Æ¼Æe¤HºÙ, µLªk«× Åã¥Ü»y¨¥e¯S½è, ¦ý¬OY¥Î µ¯À¦r¥À¨Ó´y¼g, ´Netang¥YÅã /n/ ¬O½Æ¼Æe au-khok(suffix)¡C
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1st person §Ú /goa/ ¨¿ /goan/
2nd person §A /li/ Ñ¡ /lin/
3rd person ¥ì /i/ ¦] /in/
KohÄ´¦p ¥x»ye /e/¦³kui-aºØ¥\¯à, ¨ä¤¤¤@ºØham^¤ålaite e /er/ Ãþ¦ü, ¬O±q¨Æ¬Y¦æ·~©ÎªÌmou-mi´Úe¤H e·N«ä¡C
¾p¨®-e /Sai-chhia-e/ ¾p¨®e¤H, ¥q¾÷
½æÄÑ-e /be-mi-e/ ½æÄÑe¤H, ÄÑ©±ÀY®a
¶Â½ü-e /ou-lian-e/ ½æ¶Â½üe¤H, ¶Â½ü¾áÀY®a
kutlat-e /kut-lat-e/ kutlat, ¥´«÷e¤H
º~¦r¾÷¾¹¹B§@¹Lµ{esai¥H¤U±chit-e¬yµ{ªí¨Óªí¥Ü¡C
º~¦r¹ï»y¨¥»{ª¾e¼vÅT Tngkhi/Back
º~¦r¹ï ŪªÌe»y¨¥»{ª¾e¼vÅT¥Dn¨Ó¦Ûº~¦re¡u¤@¦r¤@µ¸`¡v¡B¡u¨C¦r¨ã³Æ §Î¡Bµ¡B¸q¡ve¯S¦â¡CChit-e¼vÅTtu-hoªí²{ti¥xÆW¤H¡uµ¸`º~¦r¤Æ¡ve ginbat¶É¦V¡C¤U±«¥´N¨ãÅéÁ|¥Xº~¦r¹ï»y¨¥»{ª¾e¥Dn¼vÅT¡C
¦]¬°º~¦r¨C¤@¦resaiÁ¿long¬O¤@Ó¡uµü¯À¡v(morpheme), ·íŪªÌŪtioh¤@Ó»yµüe®É, ®e©ö¨ütioh¨ä¤¤eµü¯À¼vÅT¡C°²¨Ï, µü¯ÀeÓ§O·N¸qham»yµüe¾ãÅé·N¸qkangkhoan, anne´NµL°ÝÃD¡C¦ý¬O, °²¨Ï µü¯ÀeÓ§O·N¸qham»yµüe¾ãÅé·N¸q µLkangkhoan, ´N·|²£¥Í²V²c¡C¤ñ¦pÁ¿:
¡uùªF¡v/lo-tong/, ¨Ó¦Û©yÄõ¦a°Ï¥®H±ÚKavalanºÙ©I"µU¤s¥J"e·N«ä¡C
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¡u¹p®Ú¡v/lui-kin/, ¨Ó¦Û^¤åReagan¡C
¡u¤T¶I¨¤¡v/sam-tiau-kak/, ¨Ó¦Û¦è¯Z¤ú¤åSan Diego¡C
¡u³Í¹F®æÄõ¡v, ¨Ó¦Û¤j¥x¥_¦a°Ï¥®H±ÚKetagalan¡C
¡u¨_¸}¡v/chau-kha/, (kitchen)¨Ó¦Û¡H
¡u¬d¬Y¡v/cha-bou/, (female)¨Ó¦Û¡H
¡u³Ðªv¡v/chhong-ti/, (trick) ¨Ó¦Û¡H
ChitºØ¹B¥Îº~¦r°µªíµ¥\¯àe°µªk, tu¶}©l¦]¬°iau chaiia~ì¨Óe»y·½, ©Ò¥HµL¥YÅã¥ìe¯ÊÂI¥X¨Ó¡C¦ý¬O, ®É¶¡¤@leh¤[, ¥[¤W¤åÄmYµL°O¸ü, ŪªÌ¡u±æ¤å¥Í¸q¡ve¤ò¯f´N¨«¥X¨Óa¡CHoanse, ¤@¦Ê¥V¥H«á, koh¦³¾ÇªÌti hia±´¨D¡u¤T¶I¨¤¡ve»y·½´N¬O ¥j¦¦³¤T°¦¶Iti hia¬Û¥´, ©Ò¥H«á¨Óka hit-e©Ò¦b¸¹°µ¡u¤T¶I¨¤¡v¡C
º~¦r¤å¤Æ°ée®Ñ¼g¨t²Îtiªø´Áe¡u»yµ¡vham¡u»y·N¡v³æ¦ì ²æÂ÷e¾ú¥vµo®i¤§¤U, ¤@Ó¡u»yµü¡v³q±`long¥Ñ¤@Ó¡uµ¸`¡veº~¦rªí¥Ü¡C¥ì²£¥Íe¼vÅTesai´N¤G¤è±¨ÓÁ¿¡C²Ä¤@, ´N·s³y»yµüe¹Lµ{¨ÓÁ¿, ¦]¬°¡u³æµ¸`¡vetang³Ð³y¥X¨Óeµoµ²Õ¦X¯u¦³, ¦ý¬O¤HÃþ»Ýne»yµü¬Otak-kang teh¼W¥[, ¬°tioh§Q¥Î¦³eµoµ²Õ¦X¨Ó´y¼gµLe»yµü, ©t¤£¤G²× ¥u¦n³z¹L»²§Ue¿ìªk, ¿Ë¹³ ¼W¥[¡uÁn½Õ¡v¡B¼W¥[¡u§ÎÁn¡v¦r, thangÁקK kangµ¡Bbo-kang·N«äe¦Pµµüe¥X²{¡C²Ä¤G, ´N즳e¤f»y »yµü¨ÓÁ¿, ¡u»yµü¡vªø´Áti¡u³æµ¸`¡ve¡uº~¦r¡ve¼vÅT¤§¤U, ¡u¤f»y¡vº¥º¥¨ü¡u®Ñ±»y¡v¼vÅT, lou-boe§Î¦¨¤f»ye¡u¦hµ¸`»yµü¡vhong¡u³æµ¸`¤Æ¡v¡C³o¬O¤å¦r§ô¸j»y¨¥µo®ie¹ê¨Ò¡C
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Y¥Î ¦hµ¸`eÆ[©À¨Ó³Ð³y»yµü, §KºâÁn½Õ´N¦³¤U±chit kuiºØ¥i¯àeµoµ²Õ¦X:
2µ¸`: (15¡Ñ45)¡Ñ(15¡Ñ45)=445,625
3µ¸`: (15¡Ñ45)¡Ñ(15¡Ñ45)¡Ñ(15¡Ñ45)=307,546,875
Kanta~ 2µ¸`e¥i¯àeµoµ²Õ¦X´N¦³445,625ºØ, Y±N¡m±dº³¦r¨å¡nlaite 47,035Óº~¦r tak¦rlong·Ç°µ¤@Ó»yµü, ®Ú¥»be²£¥Í ¦Pµµüe°ÝÃD¡C¤]´N¬OÁ¿, «¥Y¬ð¯}¹L¥h¥H¡u³æµ¸`¡v³yµüeÆ[©À´Netang´î¤Ö ¦Pµµü ²£¥Íe¾÷·|¡I¤@¹è¤H»{¬° ¬°tiohÁקK ¦Pµµüe§xÂZ, ©Ò¥HaiÄ~Äò¨Ï¥Î º~¦r¡CChit´Ú Æ[©ÀesaiÁ¿¬O¡u˪G¬°¦]¡v, ±N³y¦¨eµ²ªG·í°µ¤Þ°_eì¦]¡C
º~¦r¦]¬°ªø´Áe¡u»yµ¡vham¡u»y·N¡v³æ¦ì ²æÂ÷, «á¨Ó§Î¦¨¡u¤å¨¥¤å¡vchitºØ ¼LÁ¿-e¤@®M¡B¤â¼g-e koh¤@®Me¯S®í¼Ò¦¡¡C¤å¨¥¤åe®Ñ¼g¤è¦¡¨ÃµL¨ãÅé¤ÏÀ³ ¤f»y, kanta~³z¹Lµuµukui-eº~¦r ´N±N·§©Àªí¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡CChitºØªí¥Ü¤èªke "·Q¹³ªÅ¶¡" ¯u¤j, »y·N ¯uµL²M·¡, bo-kang¤Hetang¦³bo-kang e¸ÑÄÀ¡C¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¥H«á, ÁöµM¥Õ¸Ü¤å¹B°Ê ka¤f»yham®Ñ±»y µ²¦X§@¥ë, mko tak-¦r º~¦rlong etang·í§@¡uµü¯À¡ve¯S¦âiau¬O¦s¦b¡CChit-e¡uµü¯À¡ve¯S¦â, Á¿¦nÅ¥ ¬Oetang¥Gº~¦r¦³µLe³yµü¥\¯à; Á¿¤ïÅ¥ ¬O³y¦¨»yµüham»yµü¤§¶¡eÃä¬É µL²M·¡¡CÄ´¦p:
¦w¥þ©Ê¥æ©ö =>¦w¥þ©Ê ¥æ©ö ?
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¤å¤H©Úµ´¤å¦rªº´¶¹M =>¤å¤H ©Úµ´ ¤å¦rªº´¶¹M ?
=>¤å¤H ©Úµ´¤å¦r ªº ´¶¹M ?
ºû«ù²Îªv¶¥¯Åªº¬J±o§Q¯q =>ºû«ù ²Îªv¶¥¯Å ªº ¬J±o§Q¯q ?
=>ºû«ù²Îªv¶¥¯Å ªº ¬J±o§Q¯q ?
ChitºØ »yµüham»yµü¤§¶¡ Ãä¬É µL²M·¡e²{¶H, ¤@¤è± ³y¦¨ »y·Nham-hou µL²M·¡, ¥t¥~¤@¤è±, ma¦]¬°tioh naŪna§PÂ_Ãä¬É, ³y¦¨¾\Ū³t«×e°§C¡C
¥»¤å³z¹L ¡ubatº~¦r¡vham ¡um-batº~¦r¡ve¹ï·Ó¬ã¨s, ÃÒ©ú batº~¦r-e ¤ñm-batº~¦r-e ¦³khah°ªe¡uµ¸`º~¦r¤Æ¡ve ginbat¶É¦V¡C¤]´N¬OÁ¿, ¨üº~¦r±Ð¨|e¤Hkhah gau¨üº~¦r¡u¤@¦r¤@µ¸`¡v¡B¡u¨C¦r¨ã³Æ §Î¡Bµ¡B¸q¡ve¯S¦â ¼vÅT, soah¨Ó»{¬° ¨C¤@Ó»yµüeµ¸`long¦³·N«ä¡C
º~¦r¯S¦â§Î¦¨eì¦]¬Oti¤å¦rµo®i¹Lµ{¤¤ ¦]¬°¡u»yµ¡v³æ¦ìham¡u»y·N¡v³æ¦ìbo-kang, ¤f»yham®Ñ±»y ¤À¶}µo®i, ¥[¤W¡u³æµ¸`¡ve³yµü¤èªk µLªk«× À³¥IµLe¡u»yµü¡v»Ý¨D ©Ò³y¦¨e¡C¥ìe¼vÅT¥Dnti¤T¤è±: ²Ä¤@, ¤í¯Ê³æ¯Âªíµ¥\¯à, »~¾É »yµü(word) e·N¨ç¡C²Ä¤G, ¤í¯Ê ¦hµ¸`»yµü(polysyllable) eÆ[©À, §ô¸j»y¨¥µo®i¡C²Ä¤T, »yµüham»yµü¤§¶¡eÃä¬É µL²M·¡, ³y¦¨»y·Nham-hou¤£²M¡C
Beh§ï¶ichit¤T¤è±e¯ÊÂI °ß¤@e¤èªk¬O¨î©w²³æe¡u«÷µ¦r¥À¡v¡CµL½×¬O ¥Î «÷µ¦r¥À ¥þ³¡¨ú¥Nº~¦r, ©ÎªÌhamº~¦r ¦P»ô¨Ï¥Î ¿Ë¹³ ¤é¤åanne, long etang´î¤Öchit¤T¤è±e¼vÅT¡CÁ¿°_¨Ó¬O¯u²³æ, ¦ý¬O¥xÆW¬O¤ð¬O¦³¥i¯à¦æchiu~§ï²º~¦re¸ô³~leh¡HTi¡u°ê®a©w¦ì¡vµL²M·¡¡BµL¨ã³Æ¡u¥~¦b¦]¯À¡vchincheng, ®£Åå¥J¬O¯uoh¹ê²{lah¡C
°Ñ¦Ò¥U¥Ø Tngkhi/Back
Coulmas, F. 1991. The Writing System of the World. Oxford: Blackwell.
DeFrancis, J. 1990. The Chinese Language. (Taiwan edition) Taipei: Crane.
Diringer, D. 1962. Writing. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc.
Gelb, I. J. 1952. A Study of Writing. London
Logan, R. K. 1986. The Alphabet Effect. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
Norman, J. 1991. Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
Senner, W. M. 1989. The Origins of Writing. University of Nebraska Press.
¥ì´µ¯SªL B. A. µÛ ¥ª²Ð¿³ Ķ 1989 ¡m¤å¦rªº²£¥Í©Mµo®i¡n¥_¨Ê: ¥_¨Ê¤j¾Ç
§õ§µ©w 1992¡mº~¦rº~¦rªº°_·½»PºtÅܽ×ÂO¡n(2nd ed.) ¥x¥_:Áp¸g
©P¦³¥ú1978¡mº~¦r§ï²·§½×¡n¿Dªù: º¸¶®ªÀ
©P¦³¥ú1987¡m¥@¬É¦r¥À²¥v¡n¤W®ü: ±Ð¨|
¶À¼w¼e, ³¯ªÃ·s1994¡mº~»y¤å¦r¾Ç¥v¡n(2nd ed.) ¦wÀ²: ±Ð¨|
½±¬°¤å1996¡q¼oº~¦rchiah¦³chai-tiau¿W¥ß¡r¡m®ü¯Î¡n¥x¥_: ¥x²Á http://wufi.org/haiang/ chuliau/bunchiuN/lunsoat/chiuN-ub/huihan.htm
½±¬°¤å1997¡qº~¦r¤å¤Æ°ée²æº~¹B°Ê¡rhttp://wufi.org/haiang/chuliau/bunchiuN/lunsoat/ chiuN-ub/thoathan.htm
Chit½g¤å³¹µoªíti ²Ä4©¡North America Taiwan Studies Conference(NATSC) 5/29-6/1, 1998¡C
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